Automobile
Comments (1)An automobile is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for between one and six people, typically have four wheels and be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. This definition includes cars and smaller SUVs – but not motorcycles, buses, trucks or vans. However, the term is far from precise.
Internal combustion engine powered vehicles
Animation of a 4-stroke overhead-cam internal combustion engine
In 1806 François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss, designed the first internal combustion engine (sometimes abbreviated “ICE” today). He subsequently used it to develop the world’s first vehicle to run on such an engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to generate energy. The design was not very successful, as was the case with the British inventor, Samuel Brown, and the American inventor, Samuel Morey, who produced vehicles powered by clumsy internal combustion engines about 1826.
Etienne Lenoir produced the first successful stationary internal combustion engine in 1860, and within a few years, about four hundred were in operation in Paris. About 1863, Lenoir installed his engine in a vehicle. It seems to have been powered by city lighting-gas in bottles, and was said by Lenoir to have “travelled more slowly than a man could walk, with breakdowns being frequent.” Lenoir, in his patent of 1860, included the provision of a carburettor, so liquid fuel could be substituted for gas, particularly for mobile purposes in vehicles. Lenoir is said to have tested liquid fuel, such as alcohol, in his stationary engines; but it does not appear that he used them in his own vehicle. If he did, he most certainly did not use gasoline, as this was not well-known and was considered a waste product.
The next innovation occurred in the late 1860s, with Siegfried Marcus, a German working in Vienna, Austria. He developed the idea of using gasoline as a fuel in a two-stroke internal combustion engine. In 1870, using a simple handcart, he built a crude vehicle with no seats, steering, or brakes, but it was remarkable for one reason: it was the world’s first vehicle using an internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline. It was tested in Vienna in September of 1870 and put aside. In 1888 or 1889, he built a second automobile, this one with seats, brakes, and steering, and included a four-stroke engine of his own design. That design may have been tested in 1890. Although he held patents for many inventions, he never applied for patents for either design in this category.
The four-stroke engine already had been documented and a patent was applied for in 1862 by the Frenchman Beau de Rochas in a long-winded and rambling pamphlet. He printed about three hundred copies of his pamphlet and they were distributed in Paris, but nothing came of this, with the patent application expiring soon afterward and the pamphlet disappearing into obscurity. In fact, its existence mostly was unknown and Beau de Rochas never built a single engine. [citation needed]
Most historians agree that Nikolaus Otto of Germany built the world’s first four-stroke engine although his patent was voided. He knew nothing of Beau de Rochas’s patent or idea, and invented the concept independently. In fact, he began thinking about the concept in 1861, but abandoned it until the mid-1870s.
There is some evidence, although not conclusive, that Christian Reithmann, an Austrian living in Germany, had built a four-stroke engine by 1873 [citation needed]. Reithmann had been experimenting with internal combustion engines as early as 1852.
In 1883, Edouard Delamare-Deboutteville and Leon Malandin of France installed an internal combustion engine powered by a tank of city gas on a tricycle. As they tested the vehicle, the tank hose came loose, resulting in an explosion. In 1884, Delamare-Deboutteville and Malandin built and patented a second vehicle. This one consisted of two four-stroke, liquid-fueled engines mounted on an old four-wheeled horse cart. The patent, and presumably the vehicle, contained many innovations, some of which would not be used for decades. However, during the vehicle’s first test, the frame broke apart, the vehicle literally “shaking itself to pieces,” in Malandin’s own words. No more vehicles were built by the two men. Their venture went completely unnoticed and their patent unexploited. Knowledge of the vehicles and their experiments was obscured until years later.
Supposedly in the late 1870s, an Italian named Murnigotti patented the idea of installing an internal combustion engine on a vehicle, although there is no evidence that one was built. In 1884, Enrico Bernardi, another Italian, installed an internal combustion engine on his son’s tricycle. Although merely a toy, it is said to have operated somewhat successfully according one source, but another says the engine’s power was too feeble to make the vehicle move.
The term automobile is derived from Greek auto- (“self”) and Latin mobilis (“movable”), referring to the fact that it “moves by itself”. Earlier terms for automobile include motorwagon, and horseless carriage. Although the term “car” is presumed to be derived through the shortening of the term “carriage”, the word has its origin before 1300 A.D. in English as, “carr”—derived from similar words in French and much earlier Greek words—for a vehicle that moves, especially on wheels, that was applied to chariots, small carts, and later—to carriages that carried more people and larger loads. Note, therefore, that carriage and chariot come from the same root as car, which in a sense predates them. As of 2002 there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car for every eleven people), of which 140 million in the U.S. (roughly one car for every two people)
History
The automobile powered by the Otto gasoline engine was invented in Germany by Karl Benz in 1885. Benz was granted a patent dated 29 January 1886 in Mannheim for that automobile. Even though Benz is credited with the invention of the modern automobile, several other German engineers worked on building automobiles at the same time. In 1886, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart patented the first motor bike, built and tested in 1885, and in 1886 they built a converted horse-drawn stagecoach. In 1870, German–Austrian inventor Siegfried Marcus assembled a motorized handcart, though Marcus’ vehicle did not go beyond the experimental stage.
Industry Terms
An industry is generally any grouping of businesses that share a common method of generating profits, such as the “music industry”, the “automobile industry”, or the “cattle industry”. It is also used specifically to refer to an area of economic production focused on manufacturing which involves large amounts of capital investment before any profit can be realized, also called “heavy industry.”. As-of 2004, Financial services is the largest industry (or category of industries) in the world in terms of earnings.
Industry in the second sense became a key sector of production in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the development of steam engines, power looms, and advances in large scale steel and coal production. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily integrating previously impossibly-distant world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Manufacturing is a weatlh producing sector of an economy. Other sectors such as the service sector tend to be wealth consuming sectors. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world’s economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture’s share.
In economics and urban planning, industrial is an intensive type of land use and economic activity involved with manufacturing and production.
Aeronautics
Aeronautics is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacture of flight capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft. This includes a branch of aeronautics called aerodynamics. Aerodynamics deals with the motion of air and the way it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Both of these branches are a part of physical science. Aviation, however, refers to the operation of aircraft.
Early aeronautics
Before scientific investigation of aeronautics started, people started thinking of ways to fly. In Greek legend, Icarus and his father Daedalus built wings of feathers and flew out of a prison. Icarus flew too close to the sun and fell to his death in the sea. When people started to scientifically study how to fly, people began to understand the basics of air and aerodynamics. One of the earliest scientists to study aeronautics was Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci studied the flight of birds in developing engineering schematics for some of the earliest flying machines in the late fifteenth century AD. His schematics, however, such as the ornithopter ultimately failed as practical aircraft. The flapping machines that he designed were either too small to generate sufficient lift, or too heavy for a human to operate. Although the ornithopter continues to be of interest to hobbyists, it was replaced by the glider in the 19th century.
Sir George Cayley designed a number of models gliders from 1804 onwards; the first manned glider, the Coachman Carrier, is claimed to have flown in 1853. It is unclear whether it was powered or not, though propellers were almost certainly not used. It flew probably around 130 meters across a valley in Brompton-by-Sawdon near Scarborough.
Modern aeronautics
Modern aeronautic research is primarily conducted by independent corporations such as ESDU and universities. There are also a number of government agencies that study aeronautics, including NASA in the United States and the European Space Agency in Europe.
Aeronautical engineering
Aeronautical engineering is an engineering area that covers research, design, manufacture and maintenance of products such as aircraft, missiles and space satellites. It involves scientific topics of Aerodynamics, Materials, Technology, Fluid Mechanics and Aircraft Structures.
Aerospace
Aerospace is a very diverse industry, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications.Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is a term used to describe the physical air space directly above a location on the ground.
Overview
In most industrial countries, the aerospace industry is a cooperation of public and private industries. For example, several countries have a space program under the command of the government, such as NASA in the United States, ESA in Europe, the Canadian Space Agency in Canada, Indian Space Research Organization in India, RKA in Russia, China National Space Administration in China, and Iranian Space Agency in Iran.
Along with these public space programs, many companies produce technical tools and components such as spaceships and satellites. Some known companies involved in space programs include Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, EADS, and Boeing. These companies are also involved in other areas of aerospace such as the construction of aircraft. Many countries have air transport companies, such as Air France and Air India.
History
The field of aerospace has been investigated for centuries but it can be said that modern aerospace began with the first powered flight at Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903, by the Wright brothers. From there, aerospace has grown to be one of the most exciting, diverse, and fast paced fields of today. From the hot-air balloons of 18th century to the first wood-and-cloth plane of Wilbur and Orville Wright to the first trip to the moon on Apollo 11 to the new and exciting aircraft being developed by companies like Boeing, Airbus, and Bombardier, aerospace has come a long way in a little over a century
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